北京地坛与社稷坛祭祀对象之辨——略述地礻氏神与社稷神各历史时期发展演变

The differences between sacrificial objects of the Land Altar and the Infield Altar in Beijing——Outline the development and evolution of the God of Land and the God of Infield in each historical period

土地崇拜现象是中国古代社会的鲜明特征之一。追溯先民对土地神崇拜以及设坛祭祀地礻氏神和社稷神求取庇护的渊源,并以时间为线索,对从周代至清代的各个历史时期地礻氏神与社稷神的性质、功能以及相互间演变、交织关系进行阐述,指出不同时期地坛与社稷坛二者祭祀对象的区别所在,并分析京城出现“北郊祭地”、“国中祀社”的缘由。

The phenomenon of land worship is one of the brilliant characters of Chinese ancient society. Trace to the origin that ancestor worshiped the god of land and set altar to sacrifice the god of land and the god of in- field for protection. According to clue of time, the article explains the characters and functions of the god of land and the god of infield, and the relation of evolution and intersection between them in each historical period from Zhou to Qing. It points out the differences between the sacrificial objects of the Land Altar and the Infield Altar. And the article analyzes why there were Land Altar in north of city and Infield Altar in the center of city in Beijing.