人类活动对森林景观影响研究进展

Research Advance in Effects of Anthropogenic Activity on Forest Landscape

从影响森林景观的人为活动的性质入手,将人类活动分为两类:土地利用和森林经营,分别阐述其研究现状。土地利用主要包括农业开发和城市化,通常使林区转变为非林区。森林经营活动主要包括采伐和修建道路。采伐影响森林格局和动物生境,前者侧重于采伐参数和格局结构特征之间关系的研究,后者着重于从动物生境保护角度设计采伐格局;修建道路会改变景观格局和过程,近期焦点为道路网空间结构特征与景观格局的关系、该关系在不同尺度下的表现规律及道路影响下景观过程变化。目前,在中国道路研究尚未引起重视。本文对中国进行人类活动对森林景观影响研究中存在的问题进行了总结:1)人类活动作用的时空格局定量化是人类活动影响研究的前提,这方面研究较少,阻碍了研究的深入进行;2)目前,各种模型的开发、应用仍方兴未艾,模型验证及灵敏度分析是难点和热点,中国处在模型应用的起步阶段,亟待发展适合自身特点的空间直观模型;3)该领域开始从格局研究向过程研究深入(如景观格局与动物生境关系、森林格局与水文过程关系的研究) ,前者重点解决动物的迁移、分布和景观格局的关系,我国受动物行为学研究较薄弱的制约而仅限于生境描述和分析,后者从格局出发,以景观生态学的空间异质性理论,强调森林水文功能对采伐面积、强度、方式、伐区空间位置的响应;4)多数地区的森林景观动态深受政策影响,研究其对典型政府决策反应的方向和速率,能为森林经营和自然保护的科学决策提供重要依据。

The anthropogenic activities changing forest landscape was classified into two types： land use and forest management. Land use change includes urbanization and agricuhure, which usually change forest landscape to non-forest landscape. Forest management occurred within forest landscape mainly consist of timber harvest and road construction. Timber harvest effects forest landscape pattern and habitat pattern. The former focus on the relationship between harvest parameter and pattern strncture characteristics and the latter emphasis on the harvest pattern planning from the view of habitat conservation. Roads change landscape pattern and processes, it focus on the relationship between road nets and pattern feature, the special rule across variety of spatial scale and the processes change under road nets affect, but the research on road ecology does not draw enough attention. We point the questions and the future trends in this issue： 1 ） Quantifying spatial pattern of anthropogenic activities is very important for this issue, nevertheless, in China, the little research blocked the further progresses; 2） The models develop more rapidly. Foreign research developed the plentiful model from the non-spatial model on the late 1980＇s to the spatial explicit model and modeled the long-term dynamic of forest landscape pattern successfully. In present, the focus is establishment and application of modern, sensitivity analysis of model and validation of simulation result ; 3） Pattern research is deepening into process, including both hot points of landscape pattem--wild animal habitat relationship and landscape pattern-- hydrological process, the former emphasizes on the relationship between animal movement and landscape pattern and the latter does on the hydrological ~sponse to the changing vegetation; 4） More attention is paid to driving force of anthropogenic policy and the change direction and velocity under alternative economic and social policy is useful for government to make decision.