侵权构成的非限定性与限定性及其价值

A Study on Unrestricted and Restricted Tortious Composing and Their Different Value

法国民法典不限制侵权法保护利益的范围,是非限定性的侵权构成。其价值在于体现理性主义下的自己责任和为个人自由划定必要的限度,具有赋予法官对侵权构成认定广泛自由裁量权和开放性的特点,能很好地适应社会发展的需要。德国民法典将侵权法保护的范围明确限定,是典型的限定性侵权构成。其价值在于划定范围更加确定的自己责任和实现法律的体系化、科学化,具有完善的逻辑自足性和严格划分立法与司法权力的特点。近代法以来,乐观的理性主义遭到了失败,随着实证主义哲学和社会法学思想的发展,对具体个人进行救济的侵权法损害救济的理念得到发展。通过一般注意义务的引入和发展,侵权构成发生了向非限定性回归的趋势。

There is no restriction on the range of interests that protected by tort law in the France Civil Code, which is known as an unrestricted tortious composing. It＇s value is to embodiment ＂self liability＂ of rationalism and to draw a necessary boundary to person＇s freedom. With characteristics of its opening and to endue judges extensive power to cognize whether a tort be composed, the unrestricted tortious composing adapt to a developing society easily. The German Civii Code strictly restrict the range of interests that protected by tort law, which is a typical restricted tortious composing. With characteristics of its perfect self - sufficiency in logic and to partition the power of legislation and jurisdiction strictly, the restricted tortious composing shows its special value to give a more certain self- liability and to realize a systematic and scientific law. Following with the failure of rationalism and the ＇developing of the positivism and the law thoughts priority to social interests, a damage redress idea is developed. By introducing a general caution duty, the tortious composing indicates a trend to an unrestricted one.