论汉代的上书拜官

System of Selecting Officials in the Han Dynasty

广开言路与畅通贤路相互促进、相辅相成是汉代上书拜官的重要特征。汉代吏民上书的言事内容主要有自衒鬻、言神仙方术、言便宜、讦群臣之得失等。汉统治者对“言可采取者”的封拜方式为待诏、授官、晋职和封侯。上书拜官不仅为汉代人才的仕进宦达提供了察举、任子、赀选之外的机遇,而且起到了鼓励布衣平民和中下级官吏进言献策以及强化封建监察制度的客观作用。两汉末年,国以言为戒,上书拜官制遭到严重破坏。

Liberty of speech and selecting people with talent were interacted and supplementing each other. This was an important character of appointing an official by statements being submitted to the emperor. The statement would be self commending, arts of necromancy or astrology,prosecuting and accusing sin, etc. One whose statements were accepted by the ruler would wait to be authorized,ennobled or promoted. In the Han Dynasty,one could get an official position by chancellor＇ s recommendation, chancellor＇ s privilege or wealth. The system gave another chance to persons with ability to get an official position. It encouraged the lowclass people and official to offer advice, and consolidated the system of feudatorial supervision. In the end of the Han Dynasty, the system was breached badly because the government suppressed the liberty of speech.