1Gustilo RB,Mendoza RM,Williams DN.Proble ms in the manage ment of type Ⅲ (severe) open fractures:a new classification of type Ⅲ open fractures[J].J Trauma,1984,24(6):742 ~ 746.
2Gustilo RB,Gruniger RP,Davis T.Classification of type Ⅲ(severe) open fractures relative to treatment and resul ts[J].Orthopaedies,1987,10 (12):1 781~1782.
3Court-Brown CM, Rimmer S, Prakash U, et al. The epidemiology of open long bone fractures. Injury, 1998, 29: 529-534.
4Wang CJ, Chen HS, Chen CE, et al. Treatment of nonunions of long bone fractures with shock waves. Clin Orthop, 2001, (387): 95-101.
5Bhrens F. A primer of fixator devices and configurations. Clin Orthop, 1989, (241): 5-15.
6Geiger F, Schneider U, Lukoschek M, et al. External fixation io proximal tibial osteotomy: a comparison of three methods. Iht Orthop, 1999,23: 160-163.
7Alberts KA, Loohagen G, Einarsdottir H. Open tibial fractures: faster union after unreamed nailing than external fixa tion. Injury, 1999, 30: 519-523.
8Haas N, Schutz M, Wagenitz A, et al. Routine application of the pinless external fixator. Injury, 1994, 25: 3-7.
9Nowotarski PJ, Turen CH, Brumback RJ, et al. Conversion of external fixation to intramedullary nailing for fractures of the shaft of the femur in muhiply injured patients. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2000, 82:781-788.
10Laftman P, Nilsson OS, Brosjo O, et al. Stress shielding by rigid fixation studied in osteotomized rabbit tibiae. Acta OrthopScand, 1989, 60: 817-822.