2Mceachern R ,Campbell GD ,Hospital acquired Pneumonia epode miology ,etiology ,and treatment [J].infectious Disease Clinics of North America,1998,12(3):761-799.
3Gyetko MR,Joews GB ,Immunology of the aging lung [J].Clin Chest Med ,1993,14(3):379-391.
4Yamaya M,Yanai M,Ohrui T ,et al . Intervention to prevent pneumonia among old adult[J]. Geriatr ,2001,49:85-90.
5Schohofer B,Barchfeld T,Haidl P,et al. Scintigraphy for evaluation early aspiration after feeding in patients receiving prolonged ventilation tracheotomy[J]. Intensive Care med, 1999, 120:474-478.
6Lader S B,Sasaki CT,Burrell MI ,Fiber optic endoscopic evaluation of dysphagia to silent aspiration[J].Dysphagia ,1998,13:19-21.
7Arai T, Yasuda Y,Toshimas ,et al .ACE inhibitor and pneumonia in elderly people[J]. Lancet, 1998,352:1937-1938.
8Addington WR,Stephens RE,Gilliland KA.Assessing the laryngeal cough reflex and the risk of developing pneumonia after stroke:an interhospital comparison.Stroke,1999,30(6):1203-1207
9Heros RC.Early pathophysiology and treatment summary of the Fifth Decade of the Brain Symposium.Stroke,1994,25:1877-1881
10Perry L,Lova CP.Screening for dysphagia and aspiration in acute stroke:a systematic review.Dysphagia,2001,16(1):7-18