陶瓷粉尘对工人健康危害的调查研究

Hazard of Ceramic Dust on Workers' Health

目的了解陶瓷粉尘对作业工人健康的危害情况。方法对某陶瓷制品厂进行职业卫生学调查，并现场进行粉尘浓度测定。同时对281名接尘工人和196名非接尘人员作健康体检。结果该厂作业场所各生产工序粉尘浓度（TWA）均超过国家卫生标准（1mg/m^3）6．3—35．4倍，粉尘中游离SiO2含量平均为19．4％-36．8％。体检发现接尘组人员胸部X射线照片中肺纹理有明显改变者41例，其中诊断为“O^＋”9例。而对照组肺纹理改变只有5例。肺功能检查接尘组有24例小气道功能轻度异常，对照组仅为4例。两组检出率相比差异有非常显著性（X^2=7．52，P〈0．01）。此外，接尘组的自觉症状和慢性咽喉炎、慢性鼻炎以及心电图等改变均比对照组发生率高。结论陶瓷粉尘对工人健康有一定的危害性，尤其是对呼吸系统较为明显。建议陶瓷行业在生产中要加强对粉尘的治理工作，降低作业环境粉尘浓度，保障工人健康，防止尘肺病的发生。

[ Objective ] To understand the hazard of ceramic dust on workers＂ health. [ Methods ] Occupational hygienic survey was made in a ceramic plant, dust concentration on site was determined; physical ,examination was carried out on 281 dust - exposed workers and 96 non - dust - exposed workers. [ Results] The dust concentration in every processing operation in this plant was 6.3 - 35.4 times of that of the national hygienic standard （ 2 mg/m^3 } and the average content of free Si02 was 19.4 % - 36.8% ; 41 cases in the exposure group were found with obvious lung marking changes among which 9 cases were diagnosed with 0＋ ; while only 5 cases in the control group were found with lung marking changes ; the lung function examination showed that 24 cases in the exposure group and only 4 cases in the control group had slight dysfunction of the small airways. The difference was signit2cant in the detection rate （ x^2 =7.52, P 〈0.01 ）. Moreover, the incidence of subjective symptoms, chronic rhinitis, pharyngitis and ECG changes in the exposure group was higher than that of the control group. [ Conclusion ] Ceramic dust is hazardous to the workers＂ health, especially to their respiratory system. It is suggested that dust preventing measures be strengthened and dust concentration in workplaces be decreased in order to ensure the workers health and prevent the occurrence of pneumoconiosis.