主流心理治疗理论和疗法上的差异分析

Differential analysis between theory and therapy in main psychotherapies

目的:现代生活对心理治疗提出了更多更高的要求,可现状是心理治疗的理论越来越多,但未能对其有深刻准确的认识,这对于心理治疗的长远发展甚为不利,本文对其原因做了一定的梳理与综述。资料来源:应用计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库1994-01/2005-11与心理治疗有关的相关文章,检索词为“心理治疗”,限定语种为中文。同时检索Pumbed数据库1981-01/1989-11期间的相关文献,检索词“Psychotherapy”,限定语种为英文。并手工查阅相关内容的书籍。资料选择:对资料进行初审,选择与心理治疗理论实质问题相关的文章,排除重复性研究。资料提炼:共收集52篇相关文章,参阅相关书籍5本。选择与本文密切相关的7篇,在此基础上对心理治疗理论起作用的内在机制作了进一步的阐述分析。资料综合:心理治疗的种类繁多,但其内在机制都未能超出精神分析疗法、行为疗法、人本主义疗法、认知疗法以及认知-行为疗法这几大西方主流心理治疗的范畴。人本主义疗法特点:强调人的主体性,引导来访者面向未来,以来访者为中心,主要是以意识的情绪体验方式起作用;精神分析疗法特点:否定人的主体性,认为人是非理性的,挖掘过去,以治疗者为中心,无意识的情绪体验方式;认知疗法特点:相信人是理性的,注重现在,以治疗者为主;行为疗法特点:人是非理性的,以治疗者为中心,通过行为影响心理,由外至内方向发挥作用;认知-行为疗法特点:兼具行为疗法与认知疗法两者的特点。结论:各疗法都能产生疗效,是因为不同治疗理论与方法中存在着共同的心理机制-患者认知的改变,情绪情感的调整及行为的矫正。或通过情绪,或通过行为,或通过认知,最终达到认知-情绪-行为三者的和谐一致,这是各种表面看起来差异悬殊的心理疗法可以整合的基础。得出心理治疗理论应走整合发展之路的观点。

OBJECTIVE： Psychotherapy is needed with more and higher requirements in modern life. However, the theory of psychotherapy becomes more, we cannot understand them deeply and exactly, which is not good for further development of psychotherapy. To arrange and review its reasons in this text. DATA SOURCES： The China Journal Full-text Database （CJFD） was undertaken to identify articles of psychotherapy by computer published from January 1994 to November 2005 with the key word of ＂psychotherapy＂ in Chinese. Simultaneously, the Pumbed database was undertaken for related literatures published between January 1981 and November 1989 with the key word of ＂Psychotherapy＂ in English. Books of related contents were retrieved by hand. STUDY SELECTION： The data were selected primarily, and articles of brass tacks of psychotherapy theory were involved. Articles with repetitive research were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION： Totally 52 related articles were collected, and 5 related books were seen. Seven articles closely accorded with this text were included, on the basis of which further analysis was explained in internal mechanism playing role in psychotherapy theory. DATA SYNTHESIS： The psychotherapy was various, but its internal mechanism did not exceed the main western psyehotherapies such as psychoanalytic therapy, behavioral therapy, humanistic therapy, cognitive therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Feature of humanistic therapy was focusing on human, inducing visitors facing future, taking visitors as center, and mainly playing role in emotional experience of awareness. Psychoanalytic therapy was characterized by denying human, and believing that human was non-rationality, remembering the past, taking testees as center, unaware emotional experience. Feature of cognitive therapy was to believe that human was rationality, stressing nowadays, taking testees as center. Behavioral therapy was characterized by believing that human was non-rationality, taking testees as center, affecting mentality by behavior, playing effects from external to internal directions. Feature of cognitive-behavioral therapy was both that of behavioral therapy and that of cognitive therapy. CONCLUSION： Each therapy can have curative effect, which is resulted from the common psychological mechanism of different therapeutic theories and methods-change of patients＇ cognition, emotional adjustment and behavioral correction. To obtain coincidence of cognition-emotion-behavior finally by emotion, behavior or cognition, which is the background to integrate with various different psyehotherapies. It is concluded that the psychotherapy should be integration development.