德里达:幽灵与意识形态

Derrida: The Ghost and Ideology

德里达的“幽灵说”与其意识形态理论存在着密切的相互关联。而长期以来我国的马克思主义研究都忽视了这部分内容。德里达通过描述幽灵的生产及其运作,通过“幽灵说”的逻辑,揭示出意识形态具有“幽灵性”和“宗教性”两大不可化约的特征,由此指出意识形态是不可界定和解构的;意识形态功能的实现如同一般信仰一样具有自主性和自动性;意识形态同时还包含着意识形态批判的内容,即意识形态在建构的同时蕴涵着批判、解构自身的维度。德里达的幽灵说及其意识形态理论实际上发动了一场以幽灵的“游荡学”对抗传统形而上学本体论的革命。

Derrida＇s idea of the ghost is closely related to his theory of ideology. However, this has long been neglected by the Chinese scholars of Marxist theory. By describing the production and operation of the ghost and its logics, Derrida discovered that ideology irreducibly bore both the ghost＇s character and the religious character. In the light of this description, Derrida maintained that ideology was hard to define and impossible to deconstruct. As is the case of other general beliefs, realization of the functions of ideology are marked with autonomy and automaticity. In addition, ideology also embraces the concept of criticism, that is, construction of ideology manilests the dimension of critique and self-critique. In fact, Derrida＇s idea of the ghost and his ideological theory initiated a revolution of ＂hauntinglogy＂of the ghost against the traditional theory of metaphysical ontology.