略论日本高中教育普及化的基本特征

A Brief Commentary on the Basic Characteristics of Universalization of Senior High School Education in Japan

自明治维新时期建立现代教育制度以来,日本的高中教育(战前为“中等教育)”经历了精英化、大众化和普及化三个发展阶段,这种阶段性发展既是数量扩大的过程,同时又是性质变化的过程。战前的中等教育虽然在量上实现了大众化,但是并没有实现真正意义上的平等化和均衡化。战后的高中教育不仅在量上实现了大众化和普及化,而且在平等化和均衡化上也取得了巨大的实质性进展。战前中等学校之间和战后高级中学之间的等级化是普及高中教育过程中出现的次生现象,这是日本社会和教育体系中存在病理的具体体现。

Since the establishment of modern education system in the period ot Meljl Reform, Japanese senior high school education （secondary school education before the Second World War） has experienced such three developmental stages as elite, massification and universalization. These stages imply a developmental process both in quantity and in quality. Before the Second World War, although secondary school education has realized massification and universalization, it has not realized real equal and balanced development. The postwar senior high school education not only has realized massifacation and universalization, but also has made substantial progress in equal and balanced development. The graded phenomenon existing in both secondary schools before the war and the postwar senior high is the accompanying phenomenon in the process of the universalization of senior high school education, which is a concrete display of pathology structure in Japanese society and education system.