中国历史上的政府购买制度对农民经济的影响——以唐宋为中心的考察

The Effect of Government Procurement on Farmers' Economy in Chinese History——Focus on the Tang and Song Dynasties

在中国古代,政府购买的根本目的是通过市场交换保障国家自身的消费需求,同时也附带了扶助农业、惠及农民等社会经济功能,这个功能应是历代奉行的“重农”政策的一项重要内容。在实际执行中,农民确能从政府购买中获得某些助益,如有利于扩大农产品、手工业产品的销售市场,有利于解决农民生产中的资金短缺问题,有利于缓解农民的运输负担等。但由于强制征购的肆虐,不少交易实质上变成了赋税之外的又一层无偿半无偿的剥削,使政府购买对于农民经济造成了严重摧残,尤以贫困农民受害最重。

In Chinese history, the ultimate purpose of government procurement is to ensure the demand of itself through market exchange. At the same time, government procurement also has the social and economical function of assisting agriculture, helping farmers and so on. This function should be one of the important contents of ＂agriculture priority＂ policy pursued by past dynasties. In practice, farmers can acquire benefits through government procurement indeed, for example, government procurement is helpful to enlarge the market of farm produce and handicraft produce, to settle the problem of scarcity of capital, to alleviate the transport burden and so on. But because of more and more compelling requisition by purchase, many deals substantively change to be another volunteer and half-volunteer exploitation besides revenue, which makes the government procurement severe destroy farmers＇ economy, especially the poor farmers.