中日环境法制建设比较述评

Environmental Laws and Institutions in China and Japan:A Comparative Analysis

中日两国环境立法背景不同,所以在环境立法机制和立法原则方面也都存在较大差异,形成了各自的特点;这些差异和特点导致两国的环境法体系有较大的不同:日本环境法体系中专门颁布了一些涉及纠纷处理、损害补偿、事业费开支等程序性法律规定,并对各种环境问题及处理方法都做出了单项法律规定,比中国具体和完备;日本环境法体系中不像中国那样需要用大量的行政规章做补充;日本地方环境立法的作用比中国更大。在环境法实施机制方面,中日之间的差异是行政指导在环境管理中的地位不同、地方环境自治团体管理者的法律授权大小不同、环境司法的作用不同、公众的推动作用不同。

Great discrepancies and distinctiveness are found with regard to the mechanism and the guidelines of environmental legislation, mirroring the inhomogeneities of the institutional backgrounds of China and Japan and conversely affecting their environmental legal systems in different ways, In Japan, a series of environment related procedural provisions have been stipulated, to mediate disputes, to compensate damages, and to budget the expenditures. Moreover, specific environmental issues and the corresponding solutions are separately regulated in Japan, largely by local autonomies, making its environmental legal system more consummate than that of China, who regularly resorts to a multitude of supplementary administrative resolutions. As tO the implementation mechanism, there exist differences in terms of the importance of administrative guidance, power of local environmental authorizations, role of environmental jurisdictions, and the public awareness.