基本词“背”对“负”的历时替换

The Diachronic Replacement Between Basic Word “bei ” and “fu ”

汉语史上,表示“用脊背驮”义的词先后用“负”和“背”,二者存在历时替换关系。“背”始见于中晚唐并经过宋代进一步发展达到成熟。至迟到元末,“背”已在口语中全面替换“负”成为“背负语义场”的核心词。随着词义的不断发展,“负”在表达本义上缺乏足够的明晰性,同时,其词义重心逐渐偏移,这些因素都为新词的产生并在这一义位上取而代之提供了条件。

In Chinese language history, the verbs which convey the meaning of ＂carry sth. on the back＂ have been signified first by the word ＂fu ＂ and then ＂bei＂. There exists a diachronic replacement relationship between these two words. ＂Bei＂ was first seen in Mid-Tang dynasty and furtherly being well developed in Song dynasty. ＂Fu＂ lacks of full explicity when conveying its basic meaning, meanwhile, its core of word meaning deviates from the basic meaning gradually. All these factors have provided the conditions for new verbs coming into being and finally replacing the old ones by the lexeme.