现代人的境遇与解放——福柯人学述评

The Condition and Revolution of the Modern Man——A Review of Foucault's Hominology

福柯否认实在的、一致的和普遍的人性的存在,认为它只是历史性建构起来的观念。就精神气质来说,福柯的反人文主义是一种超越传统人文主义的“人文主义”。他对现代人的形象进行了独特的描述,认为现代人是权力对现代个体全面奴役的产物,进而批判了现代西方文明泯灭差异性、用普遍性凌驾一切的本质。在福柯看来,现代社会通过三种客体化的方式将人改造成符合主体标准的现代人。针对现代人的历史境遇,他提出了局部斗争和现代生存美学作为人的解放的方案,但是两个方案存在着很多缺陷。

Foucault denies the existence of substantial, consistent and universal human nature; rather, he considers human nature to be a concept constructed historically. In regard of his spiritual temperament, the anti-humanism of Foucault is a sort of ＂humanism＂ above the traditional humanism. Foucault has a unique description of modern man, holding that modern man is the outcome of modern individuals totally enslaved by power, and he criticizes the nature of western civilization that clears up the diversities of individuals and lets commonality rule all. For Foucault, modern society reconstructs men in three means into modern man who conforms to the subjective standard. Aimed at the historical situation of modern man, Foucault proposes two methods for revolution, which are partial struggle and modern aesthetics of existence. Yet the two methods are not without flaws.