土地,公正,农业发展:拉美与前苏联东欧国家的土地产权改革比较

Land,Justice,and Agricultural Development:Land Ownership Reforms in Latin America, Russia, and East Europe

本文比较20世纪70年代到90年代在拉美和前苏联、东欧国家进行的农村土地产权改革的背景、过程和结果。拉美的改革侧重于平均地权,在实现了农业高效率发展后重建社会公正。前苏东的改革侧重于创造地权,通过给予农民生产经营自由提高农业生产率。由于社会政治经济资源分布的不平衡,这两场产权改革虽没有普遍造成土地大规模集中的结果,但也未能充分实现土地价值、增加农民福利的目标。如何一方面利用外部发展资源实现土地的潜力,另一方面又保证资源控制者不因制度化的不平等而完全剥夺发展成果,是发展中国家土地制度设计者面临的共同问题。

How to address claims of justice and needs for development in designing a system of land rights This article examines evidence from Latin America, former Soviet Union and East Europe where large-scale property rights reform unfolded between the 1970s and 1990s. Granting land rights to smallholders did not lead to land over-concentration and social polarization, neither did it significantly improve agricultural productivity and farmers' welfare. The challenge for land reformers lies in making use of external development resources in realizing potential land values, while ensuring equitable distribution between owners of the resources and the farmers.