现代种植业系统结构变化分析——以河北省曲周县为例

Analysis on the Change of Structure of the Modern Planting System——A Case Study in Quzhou County,Hebei Province

以河北省曲周县为例,基于区域自然环境变化的基础上,研究了现代种植业系统的变化特点,主要表现为种植业用地占有相当大的比重而牧业用地萎缩;逐步形成以小麦、玉米为主的粮食作物、以棉花和油料为主的经济作物、以蔬菜瓜类为主的其它作物的结构。分析了系统生产力提高、农业总产值构成趋向国家结构调整方向的正效应的同时,也出现了一系列影响系统可持续发展的负效应,包括系统多样性尤其是不便于机械化耕作的农作物降低,单一化趋势明显;工业辅助能投入增加,生物辅助能投入下降,系统能效呈现“增加-停滞-降低”趋势;系统呈现人为性R-策略者时空效应,抗逆性差;区域缺水严重,土壤环境潜伏着由地下水位下降、化肥、农药、农膜、污灌等引起的生态隐患。建议加强其机械种植研究,同时调整土地利用结构,加大其它用地比重尤其是牧业用地的比重,提倡作物多样化种植的结构调整,选择耐旱型可替代粮食作物品种,以减轻粮食作物牧用的压力;建立能衡量资源环境价值的绿色GDP体系;改善投能结构,加强生物防治和污水处理,将传统农业的精华融入现代种植业系统中。

Based on the natural environment change, in this paper a case study on the change characteristics of land use structure and planting structure in Quzhou County, Hebei Province, is carried out. The former is characterized by the high proportion of area of planting lands and the reduction of area of lands form animal husbandry, and the latter is characterized by the formation of grain crops dominated by wheat and corn, commercial crops dominated by cotton and oil-bearlng plants, and other crops dominated by vegetables and melons. The effects of change of the planting system are analyzed, which reveals that the productivity of the system is increased, the composition of agricultural gross value in the county is trended to the national regulating structure. However, some negative effects affecting the sustainable development of the planting system in the county occur, for example, the diversity of crops, especially the crop varieties difficult to plant with mechanized farming, is decreased; the investment of industrial auxiliary energy is increased, but that of biological auxiliary energy is decreased, and the energy effect of the planting system is in an ＂increase-stagnancy-decrease＂ trend; an artificial R-strategist spatiotemporal effect occurs; the county is in a serious shortage of water resources; and the soil environment is in hidden ecological troubles caused by drawdown of groundwater level, excessive application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, plastic film, sewage irrigation, etc. Therefore, it is suggested to take some measures for achieving the sustainable development of the planting systems in the county, that is to enhance the research work about mechanized farming, regulate the land use structure, increase the proportion of area of lands for animal husbandry and the crop varieties, etc.