德语国家休闲与旅游地理研究的回顾与进展

Geography of Leisure and Tourism Research in the German-speaking Countries Retrospect and Perspective

德语国家的旅游地理学研究发端于汉斯.波塞尔(Hans Poser)1939年对利森山区(Riesengebirge)旅游景区的分析研究。他将景观看作旅游的背景,认为地理学研究旅游要从分析景观和度假之间的关系入手。二战后形成的以休闲行为研究为主的慕尼黑学派,更重视游客及其休闲行为。目前的旅游地理学研究主要以应用为主,如可持续旅游发展、空间承载力以及社会变迁对旅游供求市场的影响等。另一个趋势是地理多元空间(如物理空间、行为空间、虚拟空间等)对休闲和旅游的影响研究。另外,休闲旅游发展的整体性研究方法又重新复活。

The origin of tourism research in German-speaking countries can be traced back to Hans Poser and his analyses of tourism in the Riesongebirge in 1939. His main focus was on the landscape as a setting for tourism. He considered the analysis of the interactions between landscape and the holiday-making public the main task of geography. In contrast, Geography of Leisure Behavior, from the so-calhd Munich School, placed more emphasis on people and leisure-based human behavior. Current approaches mainly foens on applied issues such as sustainable tourism and spatial carrying capacity, as well as current societal changes and the ensuing changes in supply and demand. Another current focus of research is the significance of geographical space for leisure and tourism. This is no longer limited to physical space, but also includes so-called action space, perceived space and even virtual space. Notwithstanding the many special trends that result from the increasing fragmentation of society, the main task of geography of tourism and leisure must remain to support sustainable development and take a holisfic view of leisure and tourism.