重金属离子的免疫检测研究进展

Advances in Heavy Metal Ions Immunoassay

农畜产品中残留的重金属离子已对人类安全构成严重威胁,急需快速、高效的重金属残留检测方法。重金属离子免疫检测是一种新型的检测方法,与传统检测方法相比,具有省时、省力、费用低廉、便于携带、易于操作等优点。除了化学螯合剂之外,植物螯合肽和金属硫蛋白也可用来制备重金属免疫原。重金属离子的免疫检测可分为多克隆抗体免疫检测和单克隆抗体免疫检测,前者包括荧光偏振免疫检测,后者包括间接竞争性ELISA、一步法竞争性免疫检测和KinExA免疫检测。作为一种辅助方法,胶体金快速免疫层析法可初步检测样品中的重金属离子浓度。

Heavy metal leftover on farm and stock products has become a big threat to human. It is necessary to develop some fast and efficient detection methods. Heavy metal immunoassays are new methods for detection of heavy metal ions. Compared to the traditional chemical methods, immunoassays are not only fast, cheap, simple, but also reasonably portable, highly sensitive and selective. It can be used as preliminary screening for rapid determination of heavy metal ions. Except chemical chelators, phytochelatin and metallothionein can also be used for preparing immunogen, both of them can chelate heavy metal ions to carrier protein. There are two prototype assays： polyclonal antibody immunoassay and monoclonal antibody immunoassay. The former includes fluorescence polarization immunoassay; the latter includes indirectly competitive ELISA, one-step competitive immunoassay and KinExA immunoassay. Among these assays, indirectly competitive ELISA which was used for determining heavy metal ions in the early days was easy to be interfered and showed false positive. Fluorescence polarization immunoassay which used polyclonal antibody for determining heavy metal ions was simple and cheap. KinExA instrument could be functioned as an immunosensor for environmental samples. One-step immunoassay which avoided to the addition of second antibody and chromogenic substrate was simple and sensitive. Colloidal gold enhanced immunochromatography assay is a semi-quantitation for determining heavy metal ions. As an adjunctive way for chemical methods, it has the potential application in rapid determination of heavy metal ions.