转型期城市低收入邻里的类型、特征和产生机制:以南京市为例

Typology,features and mechanism of urban low-income neighborhoods under market transition:a case study of Nanjing

本文以南京市为例,检查转型期城市贫困人口的空间分布特征,并着重分析贫困人口集中的低收入邻里的类型、特征及其产生机制。研究表明,转型期我国城市贫困人口的空间分布表现为在邻里或社区层面上的集中。城市贫困人口在邻里层次上的集聚,导致三种类型低收入邻里的产生,包括老城衰退邻里、退化的工人新村和农民工集聚区(城中村)。分析表明,这些低收入邻里的产生源于国家导向的城市发展政策和国家福利住房供应制度,并在住房市场化和房地产导向的城市发展过程中得以强化。基于南京市的实证分析和实地调查,城市贫困人口的空间分布状况和低收入邻里的特征被检查,低收入邻里的产生机制得以验证。

Although there is a dispute about whether the spatial concentration of poverty is a major cause of social problems, concentrated poverty＂ was a rapidly spreading phenomenon in many western cities has come to a broad consensus. Since the market transition of economic system in the early 1990s, urban poverty has become a prominent social problem and attracted some attention among Chinese officials and academics. However, there have been few studies on the spatial features of urban poverty. The purpose of this paper is to examine the spatial distribution of urban poverty in transitional China and in turn to explore the typology, features and creation mechanism of low income neighborhoods. The research reveals that, the spatial distribution of urban poverty is dispersed at a city wide level but concentrated in specific neighborhoods. Specifically, three types o~ low-income neighborhoods have emerged in urban China, which are the old-city dilapidated residence, the degraded worker＇s village and rural migrants＂ enclaves. The research further argues that the emergence of low-income neighborhood is rooted in the state-led urban development policy and the socialist housing provision system, and is intensified by the housing marketization and real estate-led urban development. Based on the analysis and field survey of typical low income neighborhoods in Nanjing city, the spatial distribution of poverty and the features of low-income neighborhoods are examined, and the creation mechanism of low-income neighborhoods is validated. Further discussion indicates that low-income neighborhoods in urban China are different from the slum or ghetto in advanced Western cities.