北魏离散部落与社会转型——就离散的时间、内涵及目的与唐长孺、周一良、田余庆诸名家商榷

Northern Wei's tribe dispersal and social transform:on the time, scope and meaning of tribe dispersal tribes with Tang Changru, Zhou Yiliang and Tian Yuqing

北魏离散部落开始于登国元年(386),即《魏书·官氏志》“登国初”的记载是可信的。被离散的对象包括被征服部落、降附部落和原有部落,其范围基本上是北魏境内所有的游牧部族。它以氏族或家族为单位,将游牧部落分解为若干小部分,使原来的君长大人变成了国家直接统治下的、有服役纳税法定义务的地方基层官员。它没有强迫牧民改从农业,并随北魏的军事征服逐步推行。北魏离散部落不仅削弱游牧贵族的势力,加强国家对他们的统治,增强国家的经济和军事力量,而且把游牧部族纳入了封建制轨道,加快了北魏的封建化进程。

As regards the time of Northern Wei＇s tribe dispersal, the record of its taking place during the ＂early Dengguo reign＂ is credible. The dispersed included the conquered, the surrendering and the original tribes, its scope basically being all tribes within the boundary of Northern Wei. Dispersing the tribes into smaller units on clan and family bases, the regime made the original nobles into officers of basic levels under the direct command of the state, who had legal duties of enlisting in the army and paying taxes. The process didn＇t force the herdsmen to engage in agriculture, and it was carried out step by step along with Northern Wei＇s military conquest. The move not only weakened the nomadic nobles, consolidated the state＇s rule of them, enhanced the national economy and the military force, but also made the nomadic tribes to go into the feudalistic track and sped up Northern Wei＇s feudal advancement.