草原生态重塑与畜牧生产方式转变的大生态观——来自内蒙古牧区的思考

Reconstructing Grassland Zoology and the Macro-Zoological View of the Change of Pasturage Production Model

草原畜牧经济文化类型在当代的新近变迁,主要体现为政府和牧民通过实施退耕、退牧和还草、还林工程,推行禁牧、休牧、划区轮牧制度,改善草原生态环境,促进畜牧业生产经营方式转变。本文介绍并讨论了关于这一举措及其效果的两种不同观点:完全赞成的观点和不完全赞成的观点。不完全赞成的观点把草原生态重塑与畜牧生产方式转变问题放在大生态系统———包括自然生态和人文生态及其内在关联的系统中来考察,强调指出:指导政府决策的草地生态科学还不够“科学”;不减畜就不可能从根本上解决草畜矛盾和生态恶化;要充分认识牧区社会问题的严重性和社会资源的重要性。

The change of pasturage economical cultural model mainly embodied in the fact that the government and the herdsmen improve the grassland zoological environment and promote the change of stockbreeding model of production through implementing the project of retiring fragile land on hillsides from farming and switch it to forestation or grassland, forbidding stockbreeding or herding off season, or, the system of stockbreeding according to areas divided in turns. This article introduces and discusses two different opinions to the countermeasure. The one is completely for and the other is non-completely for the countermeasure. The opinion that is non-complete for review the matter by putting the re-construction of grassland zoology and the change of stockbreeding production model into macro-zoological system （including natural zoology and human zoology and its inner-relation system）, emphasizing that the science of grassland zoology which guide the policy making is not ＂scientific＂ enough, saying that one cannot solve the problem of the conflict between raising grass and stockbreeding and the zoological deterioration without decreasing the quantum of livestock. We must fully aware the ponderance of the problems in pasturing areas and the importance of social resources.