在传统的阐释与重构中展开——清初诗学基本观念的确立

Revealed in the Interpretation and Reconstruction of Tradition:The Establishment of the Basic Concepts of Poetics in the Early Qing Dynasty

清初诗学在清算明代诗学的流弊中完成自身的理论建设,在批判明代诗学中确立自己的创作理念。这一过程,涉及伦理秩序的重建、风格典范的确立、创作理念的更新以及知识谱系的调整等多重问题,而对传统的重新阐释和建构始终是诗学关注的焦点。明清之交大量的诗学文献表明,清初诗学是沿着这一理路展开的:重倡“诗教”以奠定诗学的伦理基础,重构诗歌传统以拓展诗史视野,标举“真诗”以明确创作理念,原本学问以安顿诗学的知识基础。清初诗学形成的诗教中心观念、对传统的开放态度、崇尚“真诗”和以学问为本的创作理念,后来成为贯穿清代诗歌创作的主导倾向,构成清代诗歌史区别于前代的内在统一性。

Poetic theory and ideas about creativity were constructed in the early Qing dynasty in the course of criticism of Ming dynasty poetics. The process involved simultaneously the reconstruction of an ethical order, the establishment of stylistic paradigms, innovation in ideas about creation, and adjustment of the lineage of knowledge. Re-interpretation and reconstruction of tradition remained a focus of poetics. The bulk of the literature on poetics at the turn of the Ming and Qing dynasties indicates that the poetics of the early Qing took the following approach: “education through poetry” was once more advocated as laying an ethical foundation for poetics; tradition was reconstructed to provide a wider perspective on the history of poetry; “pure poetry” was canonized as a creative concept; and scholarly research was taken as the basis of the foundation of knowledge. Ideas of poetics in the early Qing Dynasty—educative poetry as a core idea, open-mindedness to tradition, canonization of “pure poetry” and scholarly research as the basic value—developed into a major trend in poetry writing throughout the Qing Dynasty, and provided it with an intrinsic integrity that distinguishes it from that of previous dynasties.