田径速度力量类运动员体能结构特征的研究

Study on Structural Characteristics of Physical Efficiency of Speed-power Events Elites

运用文献资料法、特尔菲法、问卷调查法、特征解析法和数理统计等方法,分别对田径速度力量类中外优秀运动员的身体形态、身体机能和身体素质的结构特征进行研究,结果表明:四肢和跟腱较长、躯干呈桶型是速度力量项群特有的形态特征;他们的身体机能表现为骨骼肌中的ATP和CP储量大,ATP酶和CK活性高,白肌纤维比例大、质量高等特征;在身体素质结构特征方面,投掷类运动员表现出以发展最大力量和速度力量为核心,但是跳跃类运动员则表现出以发展速度力量和助跑速度为核心。

We study the structural characteristics of physical types, physical functions and physical quality of speed-power events by means of documentary data, expert interview, questionnaire investigation, characteristics analysis and statistics. The results show that index of ilium wide/hipbone wide has not shown any obvious differences in the special events and sexual distinction. But jumping elites have long Achilles tendon and slender anklebone; however, throwing elites have short Achilles tendon and thick anklebone. Though the percentage of physical fat and degreasing weight of throwing elites are higher than that of jumping elites, the muscle contents of throwing elites are higher than that of jumping elites, and also speed-power events especially stress in developing these quality of speed-power, maximum power, maximum speed and rate of single movement.