日本渔业的现状及课题

Issue Concerning to the Japanese Fishing Industry

本文对日本现有渔业体制进行探讨，并对二战以来渔业体制发展过程所出现的问题进行了评述。自１９９５年以来，日本的外海、远洋渔业产量取得迅猛发展，但过度的捕捞强度以及滥捕、违规作业，必然使渔业资源遭到破坏，同时受到国际社会的强烈批评。２００海里专属经济区的建立，迫使日本渔业撤回远洋，转向国内沿海，从而又导致沿海渔场资源的减退，并加重了环境污染。以及，日元的升值，进口海产品的增多，致使鱼价下跌，造成渔业市场的萧条。因此，日本渔业正面临着按国际规则重建资本体制的挑战。

This paper intends to identify the fundamental problems created by the present Japanese fisheries system and to clarify the issues which must be resolved by providing an overview of the development process of the Japanese fisheries system since the Second World War. The postwar fishing industry in Japan recovered rapidly under the guidance of the Japanese government and the U.S. occupational troops, and established a class based, stratified production system which ranges from large scale capitalistic management to coastal fishing. Since the beginning of high economic growth period which began in 1995, the output of offshore and deep sea fishing by operators of large as well as medium and small sized capital has made rapid progress. At the time, there has been an accelerated concentration of available capital for fisheries as well as processing and distribution. The details of the advancement of productivity in Japanese fisheries, however, has meant nothing but the pursuit of the maximum profits which resulted in reckless and illegal fishing, the output of which exceeds reproducibility of target marine resurces. This act became the target of international criticism, and Japan was forced to withdraw from offshore and deep sea fishing when a regulatory system which established a 200 nautical miles zone was created. Turning our attention to domestic issues, we find that coastal fisheries are encountering many difficulties. Regional development promoted, especially in coastal areas, has led to the loss of coastal fishing grounds and has increased environmental pollution. The price of fish has fallen and stagnated because of the increase of imported marine products during the recent recession caused by the strong yen. The Japanese fishing industries are facing the challenge to reconstruct a capitalistic system whthin the boundaries of international regulations, while ensuring the understanding of the Japanese people.