词义对应与词义缺失现象分析

An Analysis of Semantic Equivalence and Lexical Deficiency

语义成分分析是一种解释词义的语义学方法。不同语言的词汇形式上千差万别,但其语义结构具有共性:即词义由意义成分组合而成。意义成分的组合在不同的语言中可能完全一致或部分一致,导致跨语言词汇对应或部分对应现象。对应词具有对应的语义成分,部分对应词的一部分语义成分对应;有些具有特殊文化含义的目的语词义可能在母语中缺失,词义缺失现象能被借词取代,外语学习者还能用母语词组或短语表达缺失的词义。

Componential analysis is a semantic approach to explaining lexical meaning. Words of different languages vary in form but have much in common in their semantic structures： word meanings are composed of semantic features. Combinations of semantic features may overlap or partially overlap between languages, resulting in equivalents and partial equivalents. Equivalents have the same combinations of semantic features while partial equivalents share some semantic features. Some words with special cultural meanings are unique to the target language and the second language learner may not be able to find their equivalents in the mother tongue; but the learner can convey their meanings in word groups from the mother tongue.