联合国《国家及其财产管辖豁免公约》与国际法律秩序

The UN Convention of State Immunity and International Legal Order

联合国《国家及其财产管辖豁免公约》明确了国家豁免是一项国际习惯法原则,因而也肯定了国家在“国内法律体系”中扮演着首要角色的传统地位。在有关合同、商业交易等方面,公约也把国家置于与自然人和法人同等的法律地位。公约的不足之处主要有两点,一是在商业交易的定义方面给予法院地国太大的自由裁量空间,二是在国家豁免例外方面缺乏总体的管辖原则。公约一方面为国家豁免划定了明确的界限,这将有效遏制任意限制国家豁免范围的倾向;另一方面公约对被告国援引豁免有一定条件限制,从而可以有效地维护自然人和法人的利益。

The State Immunity Convention provide strong authority to support state immunity as a principle of customary international law arid confirm the classical position in which States eontinue as the principal actors in ＂the law of nations＂. At the same time , the Convention subject states to the rule of law in regard to private persons and corporations, at least in respect of contracts and commercial dealings. The Convention defines state immunity and this will arrest the trend of diseretionally reducing immunity. On the other hand, the Convention provides eight kinds of exception of state immunity and this can protect the benefits of private persons and corporation.