苏共二十大的召开及其影响

The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of Soviet Union and Its Effects

赫鲁晓夫在苏共二十大上所作揭露斯大林问题的秘密报告不是赫鲁晓夫个人的行为,而是苏共高层领导集体认可的。1955年11月苏共中央全会决定降低当年纪念斯大林诞辰活动的调门,成立了专门的波斯别洛夫小组负责审查大镇压时期的资料。1956年2月1日和9日,苏共中央主席团两次开会讨论波斯别洛夫的报告,主席团成员对在代表大会上揭露斯大林没有分歧,分歧在于揭露的程度。但报告的正式文本在苏共二十大召开期间才形成,是波斯别洛夫的报告和赫鲁晓夫的文本综合而成的,苏共高层领导传看了这份报告,有些人还做了补充。2月25日晨,赫鲁晓夫作了这一报告,要求保密。事实上,苏共很快向党团员、干部、积极分子进行了传达,报告的内容被广泛知晓。苏共二十大是苏联历史上具有转折意义的事件,其影响体现在:它打破了对斯大林的个人崇拜,意味着滥杀无辜、破坏法制时代的结束;开启了改革的大门,成为社会主义国家改革的先声。当然,赫鲁晓夫对个人崇拜的揭露和批判也有很大的历史局限性。

Khrushchev made the secret report about uncovering Stalin＇s issue at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of Soviet Union, which was not solely his personal conduct but was acknowledged by the whole upper leading group of the Communist Party of Soviet Union. In the history of Soviet Union, the 20th congress was a remarkable turning point in its significance. The effects are as follows. On the one hand, it removed the personal cult for Stalin and marked the end of indiscriminately slaughter of innocent people and demolishing the national legal system. On the other hand, it symbolized the beginning of reform in Soviet Union and heralded the sweeping wave of reform in the socialist world. Nevertheless, in regard to Khrushchev＇s disclosure and criticism of personal cult, it＇s true that there remains a lot of limitation due to some historical causes.