秦巴山区核桃种质的形态特征和生化特性

Studies of Biochemical and Morphological Features of Some Walnut Germplasms in the Qingba Mountain Areas

本文以秦巴山区33份优良单株为材料,分析比较了核桃的形态特征、核桃种仁的物理特性和生化特性。结果表明:秦巴山区核桃坚果重量在10.48 g至12.72 g之间,最重的区域是广元市朝天区;核桃核仁重量在4.94 g至6.62 g之间,最重的区域是南江县;核桃仁坚比率在0.45至0.54之间,比率最大的区域是南江县;核桃壳厚在1.11 mm至2.00 mm之间,最薄的区域是广元市中区;核桃坚果平均直径在31.99 mm至33.70 mm之间,最长的区域是通江县;果面都较光滑,风味以香甜为主,核桃取仁都容易,大部分核桃的内褶壁退化,果形以近圆形、椭圆形和圆球形为主。南江县、青川县和万源县核桃的仁色浅,而朝天区、广元市中区和通江县核桃的仁色较深。秦巴山区各个区域核桃的丙氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、蛋氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸、酪氨酸、胱氨酸、精氨酸、天门冬氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸和氨基酸总量差异显著(P<0.05),而谷氨酸差异不显著(P>0.05)。说明各种氨基酸的形成除与外部环境条件密切相关外,还与核桃种质自身特性有关。秦巴山区各个区域核桃的棕榈油酸、油酸、亚油酸和花生四烯酸含量差异显著(P<0.05),棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚麻酸和花生酸含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。秦巴山区不同区域核桃的粗脂肪含量、饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸含量、多不饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量差异显著(P<0.05)。综上所述,秦巴山区核桃的种质资源非常丰富,不同区域核桃种质的形态特征和生化特性差异都较大,可针对不同类型核桃深加工产品的需要,选用不同区域的核桃,同时也为进一步筛选优良核桃种质和特异种质提供了可能性。

In this paper a comparison is made of biochemical and morphological features of 33 walnut germplasms from the Qingba mountain areas in Sichuan. The results have shown that nut weights change between 10.48 g and 12.72 g and chaotian type displays the highest value;the kernel weights change between 4.94 g and 6.62 g, and Nanjiang type shows the highest value; the kernel ratio changes between 0.45 and 0.54, and Nangiang type shows the highest value; Shell thickness is between 1.11mm and 2.00mm,and Shizhongqu type displays the lowest value;all types have smooth shells;the nut diameter changes between 31.99 mm and 33.70 mm, and Tongjiang type shows the highest value; Their nut shape is mainly spherical, oval and rounded; endoplasms of nut shells are mostly degradated; Nanjiang, Qinchuan and Wanyuan types have a light kernel color. There is statistically significant difference （P 〈 0.05） among total contents of amino acid, valine, isoleucine, tryptophon, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, alanine, threonine, serine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, histidine, arginine in some walnut germplasms in the Qinba mountain areas, bur glutamic acid has no obvious variation （ P 〉 0.05）. There is statistically significant variation （ P 〈 0.05） among palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic contents in some walnut germplasms in the Qinba mountain areas, and yet palmitic, stearic, linolenic and Areachidic content have no evident variation（P〉0.05）. There is statistically significant difference （P 〈 0.05 ） in contents among fat, unsaturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in some walnut germplasms in the Qinba mountain areas. There are many different types of walnut germplasm in the Qinba Mountain areas, and their biochemical and morphological features of walnut germplasms have a larger difference, thus supplying a possibility for selecting good and distinctive walnut germplasms.