清代山东地区的人口、耕地与粮价变迁

Shandong Area's population,cultivated land and grain price vicissitudes in the Qing Dynasty

人口、耕地与粮价变迁是反映传统社会经济运行状况的重要指标,它们之间关联密切。清代山东地区人口的增长、土地垦殖的深化,造成社会经济规模不断扩大,但这并非是一种质的飞跃。乾隆后期,人多地少、粮食短缺、物价上升等问题日益突出,这使得整个社会经济的脆弱程度不断加剧,社会危机逐渐突显。社会问题的加重,反过来又加速了经济的脆弱化程度,致使灾荒频发,百姓生活贫困,整个社会陷入恶性循环。

Population, cultivated land and grain price up-and-downs, with close relations to each other, are key indexes reflecting the economic operation of the traditional society. The thesis chooses the Shandong area in the Qing dynasty as an object of study, where the population growth and the deepening land cultivation and reclamation had resulted in the expansion＇of the social economic size. But this is far from an essential improvement. During the late Qian-long＇ s reign, crises were outstanding in the shortage of land, food and the increase of prices, which worsened the venerability of the whole society. All these had resulted in the frequent disasters, poverty, and the whole society trapped in a vicious circle.