新石器时代古陶器的化学计量学研究

Chemometric Study of Neolithic Pottery in China

本工作采用化学计量学方法抽提古陶器发明和技术演变的历史信息。数据分析表明：若干早期陶器的烧制是用在土中掺入未燃烧完全的植物茎叶灰，采用含铁较高的粘土，使之含有能形成低温共熔体的氧化亚铁、磷酸盐等组分，成为能在较低温度烧结的制陶原料。因此，当时能在700～800％低温烧制成功。其后随着窑的发明和窑技术的进步，达到1000℃以上的烧成温度，所用制陶原料亦相应发生改变。但类似的易熔组分和添加草木灰又成为配制原始瓷铀的配方，从而过渡到原始瓷器的发明的一个重要因素。

The invention of pottery marked the beginning of Neolithic age in human history. But the detailed story of this invention is unknown since it was beyond the period of recorded history, so that it can only be searched by the scientific study of the pottery samples unearthed by archaeological work. China is one of the countries where many ancient pottery species unearthed, and many ancient pottery samples have been analyzed by physico-chemical techniques. In this study, chemometric methods have been used to investigate the chemical background of the invention of early stage pottery, and the change of the pottery technology in the later stage. In the early Neolithic age, the use of iron-rich red clay mixed with incompletely burned plant ash made the formation of low melting eutectic mixture containing FeO, P2O5, CaO, K2O and SiO2 in pottery making It caused the success of the sintering process of early pottery by the firing temperature as low as 700 - 800℃. Afterwards, the invention and improvement of firing kiln made the firing temperature greatly increased, and the recipe of raw materials for pottery making was also changed concurrently. But some similar recipe of fusible clay-plant ash mixture also played an important role in the invention of porcelain glaze in Shang dynasty.