艾比湖面积变化及对生态环境影响

Change in Ebinur Lake Area and Its Impact on Eco-environment

艾比湖在中更新世为鼎盛期，湖面积曾达3000km^2，贮水量700× 10^8m^3，为良好的淡水湖,由于地壳运动和气候的暖干变化，湖面萎缩，到20世纪50年代初湖面积降至1070km^2,自20世纪50年代以来，由于大规模的水土开发，灌区人口、灌溉面积和引水量大幅度增加，入湖水量急剧减少．从20世纪50年代至80年末，灌区人口增加了59．3×10^4人，灌区面积增加了16．43×10^4km^2之多，净耗水量增加了8．13× 10^8m^3左右．湖面积一度降至499km^2（1987年），湖水矿化度达100g·L^-1左右．湖泊的萎缩，导致生态环境的劣变，表现为沙漠化程度加速，浮尘和沙暴天气增加，人畜受害，也导致野生动物的数量减少,20世纪80年代后，由于气候暖湿转型效应，降水和河川径流量有所增加．尤其是大力推广先进节水灌溉技术和退耕还林以及培育生态林等措施，使得入湖水量大幅度增加，特别是2001-2005年的5a间，年均入湖水量达7．7× 10^8m^3，比1989年增加了76％，湖水面积维持在800-950km。左右．目前生态环境已有所恢复和改观，荒漠植被得到一定程度的修复，沙尘天气明显减少，已有野生动物出没其间．

The Ebinur Lake （ 44°30＇N, 82°25＇E） at the north piedmont of west Tianshan Mountains is characterized by its. wide area and shallow depth, thus its area change is extremely sensitive to the climate change. Ebinur Lake was a great well freshwater lake with an area of 3000 km^2 and a volume of 700 × 10^8 m^3 in the middle Pleistocene period. Because of tectonically movement of the Earth and warm-dry climate change, the lake area shrank to 1070 km^2 at the beginning of 1950s. The inflow runoff to Ebinur Lake decreased sharply as large increase of water consumption since 1950s, because of large-scale water and soil development, the increase of population and irrigation area in the watershed. From 1950s to the late of 1980s, the population had increased by 59.3 × 10^4 , the irrigation area increased by 16.43 × 10^4 km^2 , net consumed water increased by 8.13× 10^8m^3, and result in the lake-area was reduced to 499 km^2 and the water salinity reached about 100 g · L^-1 in 1987. The shrinking of the lake would result in eco-environmental deterioration, accelerated the extent of desertification, floating dust and sandstorm in creasing; the number of wild animals decreasing. After 1987, the increasing of precipitaion and river runoff as climate change from warm dry pattern to warm-wet pattern, and using measurements of water-saving irrigation technology and the development of ecological forests and returning farmland to forest, the inflow runoff to the lake increased rapidly, and the lake area was enlarged to 1096 km^2 in May 2000, to restore to about the water level in 1957. Especially in years of 2001-2005, the mean annual runoff of inflowing into Ebinur Lake reached 7.7× 10^8m^3 , increased by 76% than 1989, and the lake water kept in an area of 800- 950 km^2. The ecological environment has been restored and improved, the desert vegetation has been partly restoration, dust weather has significantly decreased, and wildlife animals have appeared there.