论帝俄时期村社的发展变化

On the Development of Village Community System of Tsarist Russia

在俄国的欧洲部分(简称欧俄),村社连同现代化同步进入20世纪,一直存留到苏联农业全盘集体化的1929年。然而,20世纪初期的村社与原始社会末期形成的村社、中世纪的村社以及资本主义时期的村社有着明显的差别:1.连环保被废除;2.新增了环境保护功能;3.农村土地关系发生了重大变化。在帝俄时期,农民继续分化,传统的习惯法准则遭到破坏,村社的封闭性被打破。斯托雷平土地改革后,农村社会生产力发展迅速,村社瓦解与适应的矛盾过程同时存在。

In the European part of Russia, village community system and modernization entered the 20^th century at the same time and the system remained until 1929 when complete collectivization began in the Soviet Union. However, there was obvious differences between the village community of the early 20^th century and that formed at the end of primitive society, that of the Middle Age and that of the capitalist period： 1. The system of chain protection was abolished; 2. The environmental protection function was established; 3. Land relationship changed greatly. Farmers continued to become divided, the norm of customary law suffered great damage and the closure of village community was broken. After the land reform, social production of the countryside developed rapidly, and the disintegration of village community and the adaptation existed side by side.