2[1]C.Jacobs,C.M.Kjellstrand, K.M.Koch, et al. Replacement of renal function by dialysis.4th ed. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996,227-290
3[2]Fan PY, Schwab Sj. Principles and practice of dialysis. Williams & Wilkins, USA, 1994.22-28
4[3]Jamine.LR, Catherine.S, et al. An innovative approach to temporary hemodialysis vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis, 1999,33(4): 718-721
5[5]Oliver MJ, Callery SM, Thorp KE, et al. Risk of bacteremia from temporary hemodialysis catheters by site of insertion and duration of use: A prospective study. Kidney Int 2000 Dec;58(6):2543-2545
6[6]Lin BS, Huang TP, Tang GJ, et al. Ultrasound-guided cannulation of the internal jugular vein for dialysis vascular access in uremic patients. Nephron 1998;78(4):423-428
7[7]Geddes CC, Walbaum D, Fox JG, et al. Insertion of internal jugular temporary hemodialysis cannula by direct ultrasound guidance-a prospective comparison of experienced and inexperienced operators. Clin Nephrol 1998 Nov; 50(5):320-325
8[8]Slama M, Novara A, Safavian A, et al. Improvement of internal jugular vein cannulation using an ultrasound-guided technique. Intensive Care Med 1997 Aug;23(8):916-919
9Mermel LA, Farr BM,Sherertz RJ,et al. Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infeetions[S]. Clin Infect Dis,2001,32(9) : 1249-1272.
10Grady NP, Alexander M, Dellinger EP, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [S]. MMWR Recomm Rep, 2002,51 : 1-29.
