原油油气职业卫生标准研究

Study on Occupational Health Standard of Crude Oil Vapor

我国目前尚未制订原油油气卫生标准,多数引用溶剂汽油卫生标准,研究表明原油油气毒性较溶剂汽油大,为保障油运装卸作业人员的健康,科学地监测与控制油气污染,确定合理的作业环境,制订原油油气卫生标准是十分必要的。该研究通过色-质联用分析,表明原油蒸气成份大多为C9以下烷烃、环烷烃及少量的芳香烃。采用大、小鼠为对象的急性毒性实验研究,获得大庆、胜利、渤海3种原油油气的LC50分别为49.54g/m3、77.54g/m3、417.50g/m3;亚慢性毒性实验研究表明,原油油气对动物神经系统的影响较为突出。现场劳动卫生学调查统计表明油轮、油码头作业人员,除了在装船、装罐作业状态下受到较大油气浓度危害外,大部分时间处于100mg/m3以下油气浓度环境,但长期从事油运装卸作业,表现出一定的健康异常,其主要症状是神衰症候群发生率明显增高,植物神经功能障碍,血象异常,其次为心率、心电图的改变等。根据上述研究结果,该研究认为原油装卸贮运作业场所原油油气时间加权平均容许浓度确定为100mg/m3(以总烃计)较为适宜。

Hygienic standard of crude oil vapor has not been set in China; in most time it refers to the hygienic standard of solvent gasoline. Researches show that the crude oil vapor is more toxic than solvent gasoline. In order to protect the health of loading and unloading workers and scientifically monitoring and controlling the pollution of crude oil vapor and to establish a rational environment, it is necessary to set a hygienic standard for crude oil vapor. By GC-MS it is known that in crude oil vapor mostly are hydrocarbons of 〈 C9 such as alkanes, cycloalkanes, and a small amount of aromatic hydrocarbons. Acute toxicity tests of rats and mice show that LC50 s of crude oil from Daqing, Shengli, and Bohai are 49.54, 77.54, and 417.50 g/m respectively. Sub-chronic toxicity experiments show that crude oil vapor has a prominent effect on animalg nerve system. Statistics from field occupational health survey shows that oil tank and dock workers mostly expose to a concentration of 〈 1130 mg/m^3 oil vapor, and to a higher concentration when loading. Adverse health effects appear after long-term exposure. The main symptoms are obvious increase in incidence of neurasthenia, disorder of autonomic nerve, abnormal in hemogram, changes in heart rate and ECG. According to above-mentioned research, it suggests that the 100 mg/m^3 TWA concentration of crude oil vapor in workplaces （calculated as total hydrocarbon） would be appropriate.