1989至2003年全国重大急性职业中毒事故的特征

Characterization of severe acute occupational poisoning accidents in China between 1989 and 2003

目的探讨我国重大急性职业中毒事故的发生特点,为制定职业中毒的防制策略提供科学依据。方法对1989至2003年15年间全国报告的重大急性职业中毒资料进行了描述性分析。结果(1)15年间全国共报告重大急性职业中毒事故506起,中毒患者4657例,总的中毒率为54．8%,总的中毒死亡率为16．5%,平均中毒年龄(31．9±9．8)岁,平均中毒死亡年龄(33．7±10．3)岁；男性多于女性。(2)直接导致职业中毒的化学物超过112种,主要以硫化氢、一氧化碳、苯及其同系物、金属和类金属、二氧化碳为主,不同行业职业中毒的化学物有所不同。(3)急性重大职业中毒事故以化学、制造、水处理、开采、建筑等行业多发,清洗、检修、生产、采矿、挖掘等岗位的危险性为高,事故相对集中发生在4～8月份。结论(1)我国重大急性职业中毒事故危害严重；(2)我国重大急性职业中毒事故的发生在高危行业、重点毒物和主要岗位有明显的集中趋势；(3)不同行业的职业中毒呈现不同的特点；(4)强化管理是预防控制职业中毒的重要环节。

Objective To analyze severe acute occupational poisoning accidents reported in China between 1989 and 2003,and to study the characteristics of severe acute occupational poisoning accidents and provide scientific evidences for prevention and control strategies. Methods The data firm the national occupational poisening case reporting system were analyzed with descriptive methods. Results （ 1 ）There were 506 acute severe occupational poisoning accidents for 15 years with 4 657 workers poisoned. The total poisoning rate was 54.8%, and the total mortality was 16.5% .The average poisoning age was（31.9 ± 9.8） years old and the average death age was（33.7 ± 10.3） years old. The poisoning accidents occurred more in men than in women. （2）There were more than 112 chemicals which caused these poisoning accidents. Most of the accidents caused by hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, benzene and homologs, metal and metalloid and carbon dioxide, and the types of chemicals varied in different types of industries. （3） The accidents mainly occurred in chemical industry, manufacture, water disposal industry, mining and construction industry, and the risk was higher in some jobs than others, such as eleanout, machine maintenance and repair, pnxhetion, mine and digging. The accidents occurred more frequently from April to August each year. Conclusion （ 1 ）The control over the severe acute occupational poisoning is urgent. （2）The trend of the characteristics of severe acute occupational poisoning accidents is centralized in the high risk industries, poisons and jobs. （3）The characteristics of the accidents varied in different types of industries. （4） It is the key point to strengthen the supervision on poisoning.