印度水资源开发过程中的非自愿移民问题

Involuntary Resettlement Issue during the Process of Water Resource Development in India

印度为了满足工业和农业用水以及对能源的需求,进行了大规模的水坝建设,从而引发了愈来愈严重的非自愿移民问题。历史经验表明,印度国家层次的移民政策框架的缺乏、流域开发决策为少数利益集团所左右、移民的社会整合被忽视、移民参与机制的不完善等问题导致移民在搬迁安置过程中的贫困化和边缘化。水资源开发利用的结果有背于政府缓解贫困的初衷。虽然印度政府迫于外部压力,对越来越严重的非自愿移民问题给予了回应,但在当前的政治格局和经济环境下,印度政府在改善非自愿移民政策过程中仍然面临重重阻力,还有很长的路要走。

In order to meet the need of water and energy use during the process of industrial and agricultural development, India has been conducting large scale dam construction, which has caused more and more serious involuntary resettlement problems. The historical experience has demonstrated that the impoverishment and marginalization of resettlers have come from the lack of national involuntary resettlement policy, the manipulation of valley development decision by a few powerful interest groups, ignorance of resettlers' integration with host community, as well as the imperfecion of participation mechanism. Responding to outside pressure, Indian government has been trying to improve the involuntary resettlement policy, but under the circumstance of current political structure and economic situation, it has encountered numerous obstacles and difficulties. Hence, India has a long way to go to improve its policy.