上海市城区气温变化及城市热岛

The Air Temperature Variation and Heat Island Effect in Urban Area of Shanghai City

利用上海市城区自动气象站观测资料和郊区气象站资料,对比分析了上海市城乡气温变化并分析了上海市的城市热岛特征。结果表明,上海市城区的气温分布有几个高温中心,分别位于北部的虹口体育馆、中部的静安区和西部的延安西路。夏季7月日平均气温在31.8℃以上,午后超过36℃。这些地方的日夜温差也大,夏季超过8℃,冬季仍在2℃以上,表明这是一种相对稳定的城市化加热分布。上海市城区气温日变化和年变化在各站间的差别不大,但明显不同于郊区,具有城市化的气候特征。上海城市热岛受城区和郊区气温变化的共同影响,由于城区和郊区气温变化不同步,故各有其独特的变化特征。上海城市热岛的日平均强度夏季7月大约为2.6℃,春季4月可达3.7℃,冬季1月在1℃以下。全年平均的热岛强度约为0.7℃。上海城市热岛的日变化为白天低、夜间高的多峰结构,午夜的高峰通常可达一天的最高值。上海城市热岛有明显的长期变化趋势,夏季7月的多年线性上升趋势超过0.05℃/a,但仍有继续增强的趋势。

Based on the data set of automatic observation station, the variation characteristics of air temperature and heat island in urban area of Shanghai city are analyzed. The results show that, there are some high temperature centers in urban area of Shanghai city, located at Hongkou gymnasium, Jing＇an district and Yan＇anxilu road. Their air temperature are over 36℃ after noon and daily average temperatures are over 31.8℃ in summer. Temperature differences between the day and the night over these area are high over 8℃ in summer and still 2℃ in winter. It means a stable urban heating distribution. There are clear climate characteristics of daily and annual variation of air temperature in urban area and different to suburb, but small difference between each urban station. The urban heat island is affected by the temperature variation of urban area and suburb area, and made a special variation characteristic. Because the air temperature of urban area differs the suburb in variation, the urban heat island differs the air temperature in variation. Daily average urban heat island intensity over Shanghai is about 2.6℃ in summer, over 3.7℃ in spring, and under 1℃ in winter. Annual average heat island intensity is about 0.7℃. The urban heat island intensity over Shanghai is lower in the day and high in the night, and makes the highest peak in the midnight. Interannual variation of the urban heat island intensity over Shanghai is obvious, and with a rise trend over 0.05 ℃/a in July.