陕西传统堡寨聚落类型研究

STUDY ON THE CATEGORY OF TRADITIONAL STOCKADED VILLAGE IN SHAANXI

针对“传统堡寨聚落”这一重要的人类聚落形态,文章选择相关遗存丰富的陕西地区作为研究重点,以典型实例为依托,分别从“自然地理”与“社会人文”两种角度展开分项类型研究,归纳总结各类型的聚落结构特征。揭示出堡寨聚落物质硬防卫与精神软防卫的双重性格。最后,强调指出类型多样的堡寨聚落及其丰富遗存成为陕西地区的特色,应及时针对这一不可再生的文化资源开展的系统研究。

The traditional Stockaded Village is an important form of human settlement in Chinese history. The society chose fort as the gathering form to protect people from troubled. The tall and thick walls around and thorough defensive facilities are the physical foundation to meet the paramount objective of defending attacks. Furthermore, with the origin of deeply regional characters and showing local cultures, the Stockaded Villages vary in features, depending upon different natural or social environments. This paper focuses on Shaanxi area, where there are a number of Stockaded Villages historically and currently. And a number of defensive Stockaded Villages in the period of Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and Republic of China still remain. In this region, the Stockaded Villages have abundant typical styles with complex geography, long history, the special military positioning and so on. First, this paper classifies traditional Stockaded Villages in Shannxi systematically and sets up a basic type framework, based on two different perspectives——＂the natural geography＂ and ＂the local human culture＂. With the support of varied typical cases, the paper makes study on four aspects as forts on plain, forts in the dangerously steep places, manors and mansions of merchants and gentry, and forts in the military defense system, and summarizes the characteristics of each type, emphasizing the function structure. The former two put emphasis on the different forms of Stockaded ViUage under the different geographical conditions, and the latter two pay attention to the two special Stockaded Village as manorial and military defense. The paper also reveals the dual defensive characters of both physical defending and psyche defending of Stockaded Villages. Finally, the paper points out that the typical Stockaded Village relics are the specialty regional feature of Shannxi area, and it is necessary to study these important cultural resources immediately and systematically.