中国土地荒漠化／土地退化的防治与环境保护

Combating Desertification/Land Degradation and Protecting the Environment in China.

荒漠化是当今全球最严重的环境问题之一。结合中国国情来看，荒漠化不仅发生于干旱、半干旱地区；也发生于湿润、半湿润地区。中国已存在的荒漠化土地面积１１１．７万ｋｍ￣２，占国土面积的１１．６％；其中风力作用、水蚀作用和物理及化学作用下的荒漠化土地约各占１／３。另外中国还有易受风力和水力作用影响的潜在荒漠化土地５３．５万ｋｍ￣２和８７．５万ｋｍ￣２，潜在盐渍化土地１７．３万ｋｍ￣２。中国土地荒漠化是在脆弱生态条件下，人口过快增长，人为不合理的经营活动如水资源利用不当、过度开垦、过度放牧、过度樵采，以及工矿建设造成的土地与植被破坏、环境污染等所致，对它的防治实质上就是对退化环境的整治。中国荒漠化土地经过近几十年来的治理，个别地区有所好转，但总体上仍在发展中，因而它是环境保护与持续发展中的重要问题，必须引起重视。在总结中国防治荒漠化经验的基础上，提出了防治荒漠化的基本对策。

Desertification is one of the most serious global problems nowadays.According to China's situation,not only does desertification occur in dry and semi-dry zones,but in humid and semi-humid zones,as well. The area of desertification-prone land in China is 1117000 km￣2,accounts for about 11.6 % of the total land of the country,of which,areas of desertification-prone land under wind erosion effect,water erosion effect and physical and chemical effect cover 33.2%,33.8% and 33.0% respectively.In addition,latent desertification-prone land susceptible to wind and water effects are 535000 km￣2 and 875000 km￣2 respectively,and latent salinization-prone land is 173000 km2.In China,under fragile eco-condition,desertification is caused by rapid increase of population,irreasonable activities such as misuse of water resources.overreclaimation,overgrazing,undue collection of fuel wood and destruction of soil and vegetation,and environmental pollution due to industrial development.Combating desertification is in fact the rehabilitation of degradated environment.After a few decades of efforts,a few desertification-prone areas are taking a turn for better,but the overall situation is on-going.So that desertification is an important issue for environmental protection and sustainable development and must be paid high attention to.On the basis of summarizing the pilot experience in China,some basic countermeasures of combating desertification are introduced in this paper.