究竟是赫胥黎还是斯宾塞——论斯宾塞竞争进化论在中国的影响

Thomas Henry Huxley or Hebert Spencer——On the influence of the evolution of competition upon China

晚清输入中国的西方社会进化论主要有两家:即斯宾塞的“竞争进化论”与赫胥黎的“互助进化论”。仔细阅读清末报刊上的各种论著,可以发现,中国思想学术界的绝大多数人接受的是斯宾塞的学说。无论是改良派的严复、梁启超还是革命派的章太炎,无论是主张温和改革的官员代表还是激进的青年知识分子,他们都深深地打上了斯宾塞主义的烙印。

The western evolutionists influencing China by the end of Qing dynasty are Spencer on evolution of competition and Huxley on evolution of multi aid. Literature survey shows that most Chinese scholars tend to accept Spencerian hypothesis, who are reformists Yan Fu, Liang Qichao, Zhang Taiyan, and other conservative or radical intellectuals.