犯罪青少年家庭教养方式的特征

Characteristics of parental rearing styles in young criminals

目的:分析犯罪青少年家庭教养方式与正常青少年群体父母教养方式的差异,以及犯罪青少年父母教养方式的一致性问题。方法:于2004-11/2005-02以某省少年教养管理所在册的少教学员86名作为观察组,同期随机抽取初中和高中在校学生86名作为对照组。采用父母教养方式评价量表和自编一般家庭情况问卷对两组被试评分进行比较。父母教养方式量表包括父亲和母亲两个量表。父亲教养方式包括6个因子:情感温暖、理解,惩罚、严厉,过分干涉,偏爱被试,拒绝、否认,过度保护。母亲教养方式包括5个因子:情感温暖、理解,过分干涉、过度保护,拒绝、否认,惩罚、严厉,偏爱被试。测试包括从不、偶尔、经常、总是4个等级(分数越高表明父母教养方式各方面越突出)。结果:共发放问卷200份,回收有效问卷172份。①观察组父亲教养方式中情感温暖与理解、过分干涉评分低于对照组[(44.86±9.61),(51.41±8.25)分;(22.21±6.97),(33.30±3.49)分,P均<0.01],惩罚严厉、偏爱被试等评分高于对照组[(21.48±7.64),(14.21±4.74)分;(11.74±3.87),(8.56±4.29)分,P均<0.01];观察组母亲教养方式中情感温暖与理解评分低于对照组[(42.98±11.84),(52.97±9.05)分,P<0.01],拒绝否认、过分干涉与保护、惩罚严厉等评分高于对照组[(14.41±5.10),(9.02±2.84)分;(37.40±8.91),(33.97±5.90)分;(14.48±4.80),(12.94±3.45)分,P<0.01,P<0.05]。②观察组父母教养方式在偏爱被试、过度干涉保护、惩罚严厉以及拒绝否认贬低等方面存在严重分歧[(12.03±3.99),(9.50±3.68)分;(21.85±6.82),(37.78±8.3)分;(21.12±7.59),(14.44±5.03)分;(9.68±2.87),(14.26±4.91)分,P均<0.01]。对照组父母在情感温暖理解、过度干涉保护、惩罚严厉等方面存在分歧[(52.00±8.31),(53.08±9.18)分;(33.27±3.41),(34.77±6.12)分;(14.21±5.03),(13.22±3.82)分,P<0.05,P<0.01]。结论:犯罪青少年的父母教养方式存在3个明显不足,即缺少情感温暖、沟通和理解;极端化;父母教养方式严重分歧。母亲的过分干涉保护可能是青少年犯罪的一个重要相关因素。

AIM： To anelyze the differences of parental rearing styles between young criminals and the other normal teenagers, and the uniform of the young criminals＇ father＇s rearing style and-mother＇s rearing style. METHODS： Totally 86 criminals were randomly selected from a penitentiary of a province as observation group, and 86 students were enrolled randomly from high school and middle school as control group between November 2004 and February 2005. They were all tested by Egma Minnen av Bardndosnauppforstran （EMBU） and a questionnaire about the family made by the investigate themselves. Then the scores were compared. The EMBU was composed of father and mother scales. The patemal rearing Style consisted of 6 factors： emotional warmth and understanding （FF1）, punishment and strictness（FF2）, excessive interference（FF5）, partialism （FF4）, refusal and denial（FF3） and overprotection （FF6）. The maternal rearing style consisted of 5 factors： emotional warmth and understanding （MF1）, excessive interference, overprotacUon （MF2）, refusal and denial （MF3）, punishment and strictness （MF4）and partialism （MF5）. The test consisted of 4 grades： never, sometimes, usually and always （the higher score indicated the predominance of parental rearing styles）. RESULTS： Of the 200 sending questionnaires, totally 172 questionnaires were retrieved. ①The scores of emotional warmth and understanding （FF1）, excessive iriterference （FF5） in the patemal rearing styles were lower in the observation group than the control group [（44.86±9.61 ）, （51.41±8.25） points; （22.21±6.97）, （33.30±3.49） points,P 〈 0.01]; The scores of punishment and strictness （FF2）, partialism （FF4） were higher in the observation group then the control group [（21.48±7.64）, （14.21±4.74） points; （11.74±3.87）, （8.56±4.29） points,P 〈 0.01]. The scores of emotional warmth and understanding （MF1） in the matemal rearing styles were lower in the observation group than the control group [（42.98±11.84）, （52.97±9.05） points,P 〈 0;01]. The scores of refusal and denial （MF3）, excessive interference, overprotection （MF2） and punishment and strictness（MF4） were higher in the observation group than the control group [（14.41±5.10）, （9.02±2.84） points; （37.40±8.91）, （33,97±5.90） points; （14.48±4.80）, （12.94±3.45） points,P 〈 0.01 ,P 〈 0.05]. ②The rearing styles of father and mother＇s of the observation group had the extremely remarkable significance on partiaiism （FF4）, excessive interference, overprotection （MF2）, punishment and strictness （FF2） and refusal and denial （MF3）[（12.03±3.99）,（9.50±3.68） points;（21.85±6.82）,（37.78±8.3） points;（21.12±7.59）,（14.44±5.03） points; （9.68±2.87）, （14.26±4.91） points,P 〈 0.01]. There were differences in emotional warmth and understanding （MF1）, excessive interference, overprotection （MF2）and punishment and strictness （MF4）in the control group [（52.00±8.31）, （53.08±9.18） points; （33.27±3.41）, （34.77±6.12） points; （14.21±5.03）, （13.22±3.82） points, P 〈 0.05, P 〈 0.01]. CONCLUSION.. The young criminals＇ parental rearing styles have three obvious defects, naming lacking of emotional warmth and understanding, conversation, the going to extremes, serious differences of readng style between father＇s and mother＇s. Mother＇s excessively interference, overprotection is one of important correlating factors that lead to juvenile delinquency.