大金覆亡辨

A Discrimination of Fall of the Jin Dynasty

自金元之际以来,就不断有人探索金国缘何而亡,可谓见仁见智,众说纷纭。至少有天命天意说、“分别蕃汉”说、“金以儒亡”说、贞南迁说、汉化说等八九种之多。其中“金以儒亡”说与汉化说不仅与史实不符,而且在理论上有害。其余诸说,则多是极而言之,就某个具体事件或局部问题而论的。尽管它们分别在一定程度上促使金国逐渐走向衰亡,但其中任何一说,都不是构成金国覆亡的根本原因。金国覆亡是由多种原因造成的。一,物极必反,盛极而衰,这是事物发展的必然规律;二,章宗后期、特别是宣宗南渡后的军政腐败加速了金朝的衰亡,这是内因;三,对蒙古、南宋、西夏政策失误,蒙宋联盟形成,决定了金国的最后覆亡,这是外因。

Since the Jin and Yuan Dynasties there have been various opinions on the reason why the Jin Dynasty die out, which included at least the following viewpoints： theory of destiny, theory of treating the Han People and other nationalities differently, theory of falling as a result of respecting Confucianism, theory of moving the capital to the south during time of Zhenyou （贞祐）, theory of changing by education of Han, and so on. The theories of ＂falling as a result of respecting Confucianism＂ and changing by education of Han not only don＇ t conform to the historical fact but also are harmful theoretically. The other viewpoints gave partial rather than fundamental explanation to the reason why the Jin Dynasty fell. According to the author, multiple causes account for fall of the Jin Dynasty： First, it＇s inevitable for things will develop in the opposite direction when they become extreme; Secondly, the corruption of army and government in the late period of ghangzong （章宗） ,especially after Xuanzong（宣宗 ） moved the capital to Kaifeng（开封）accelerated the decline internally; Thirdly, the wrong policy toward Mongolia, the Southern Song Dynasty and Western Xia regime caused eventually the death of Jin Dynasty externally.