民法上自然权利初论——道德与法律间融合之一斑

On Natural Rights in Civil Law——An Example of Fusion of Morality and Law

民法上自然权利有别于一般哲学意义上的自然权利和民法法律权利,它是给付不受强制执行,但义务人自愿给付后即可保有给付效果的权利。其中自然债权长期为民法理论和实务所承认,由于其涵盖不了物权请求权的自然化状态,因此有利用推理、类比等方法提出自然物权并进一步概括出民法上自然权利的必要。在关于民法上自然权利本质的观点争论中,“自然(道德)权利升华说”相较而言是较适宜的理论。该类权利是道德与法律约束共同交集生成,个中展现道德与法律之间的融合,道德伦理、一般社会观念与法律的特殊衔接是理解其实质的关键。民法上自然权利反映了法律实证主义和价值法学、形式正义与实质正义、法律形式理性与实质理性、个人本位与社会本位在民法领域内的张力与协调,具有独特的制度功能和民法意义。

Natural Rights in Civil Law differ from a philosophical one and civil right, it refers to rights within which a giving is without enforceability but voluntary performance shall entitle maintenance of holding effect. Natural Obligation has long been accepted and its no - covering Right of Real Claim engenders concepts of Natural Real Right and Natural Rights in Civil Law. Among arguments about such rights＇ essence, Sublimation of Natural Rights is a persuasive one. The rights are produced by and show a fusion of morality and law, a special connection of morality, general social conception and law is key to understand its essence. Natural Rights reflect strain and coordination between legal positivism and legal values ,formal justice and material justice ,formal rationalism and substantial rationalism,personal standard and social standard in civil law, and bear special system function and civil law significance.