国家生态压力与生态利用效率研究

National Ecological Pressure and Ecological Efficiency

基于生态足迹方法，提出并构建了度量国家生态压力总量与国家生态效率的本国生态足迹和生态利用效率指标。应用该指标对我国1990年-2003年的本国生态足迹、生态承栽面积、本国生态赤字厦本国生态利用效率进行了计算，分析了中国生态压力、生态利用效率的历史轨迹、发展趋势厦其构成和主要矛盾。结果表明，我国的生态系统一直处于超载状态，现在的超载程度已很严重。这一期间我国的本国生态利用效率从2070元／hln2增长到4046元／hfn2，年均增长率为5．3％。生态利用效率以较高的速度增长，说明我国经济实现了一定程度的生态压力相对减量；但这一时期的生态利用效率的增长率远低于经济总量的增长率，导致本国足迹增长较快。可见，我国经济的快速发展和工业化进程是以本国生态资源的大量消耗为代价的；而能源和农业是中国可持续发展需要解决的主要矛盾。所以，实现可持续发展仅注重环境末端治理是远远不够的，根本途径是从源头实现资源（尤其是能源）需求减量，并应特别重视农业对生态环境的冲击。

Based on the ecological footprint method, domestic ecological footprint and ecological efficiency indicators have been proposed and formulated to measure the aggregate ecological pressure carried by a national domestic ecosystem and the ecological efficiency of a nation＇s economy. The indicators were used to calculate China＇ s domestic ecological footprint, ecological carrying capacity, domestic footprint overshoot,and ecological efficiency for the period of 1990 to 2003. Analyses were done on China＇ s aggregate domestic ecological pressure, ecological efficiency and their historical profiles, development trends, compositions and main problems. Results show that China＇ s domestic ecological footprint increased from 16.5 × 10^8hm^2 in 1990 to 28.14 × 10^8hm^2 in 2003 with an annual rate of 4.2%,while its domestic footprint overshoot increased from 6.29 × 10^8hm^2 in 1990 to 15.92 × 10^8hm^2 in 2003 with an annual growth rate of 7.4 %. China＇ s ecosystem was overburdened in the study period, and the degree of eco-overburden is now quite high. China＇s domestic ecological efficiency also increased during the study period,from 2 070 Yuan/hm^2 to 4 046 Yuan/hm^2 with an annual increase of 5.3%. This increase in ecological efficiency indicates that China＇ s economy realized a certain degree of relative ecological resulting in high increase of domestic rate of ecological efficiency is much lower than that of the economy, footprint. This reveals that China＇s fast economic development over the study period （as measured by the average annual GDP rate of 9.7 % ） was achieved at the cost of high consumption of domestic ecological resources. It is clear that end-of pipe environmental measures alone are far from being sufficient in achieving sustainability, reducing resources demand is the essential approach to a sustainable future. The high proportions of energy and arable land demands in the total domestic ecological footprint indicate that energy and agriculture are the core issues of China＇ s sustainable development. Since the high total population and the high rural population makes it almost impossible to reduce the arable land demand, the major share in resources demand reduction lies in energy. Thus, raising energy efficiency of the economy becomes the key to sustainability. It should be noted that the picking up in the increasing rate of total domestic ecological footprint and the slowing down in the growth rate of the domestic ecological efficiency from 2001 on are a clear sign of further increase in China＇ s aggregate ecological pressure in the foreseeable future. This should be taken seriously and policies and measures should be designed to reverse the trend.