中国西北地区人工绿洲的开发与可持续发展

THE EXPLOITATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL OASIS IN NORTHWEST CHINA

中国西北地区的人工绿洲是当地人类赖以生存的物质基础和未来文明建设的主要依托,也是本地区独有的人工生态景观。中国西北属干旱、半干旱地区,于是蒸发量大、降雨量小,光热资源充足为当地的主要气候特征,为人工绿洲的开发与发展准备了前提。通过人为作用于干旱、半干旱地区,把地下水或者河流水引入进行灌溉,增加土壤水份,改善土壤成分,形成了可供人类生存的绿洲。西北地区的人工绿洲经过2000多年的曲折道路,有的已消失,有的正在衰退中,有的取得了良好的生态、社会和经济效益。分析中国西北地区的水土源与引水开垦条件及人工绿洲的发展趋势和现存的生态问题。从而得出,人类对水资源的不合理利用是导致人工绿洲生态失衡的主要原因,总结人工绿洲衰退的原因,提出西北地区人工绿洲可持续发展的模式。

The artificial oasis of Northwest China is the material foundation of local people, the main hacking for future civilization and the unique artificial ecological landscape. The characteristics of arid and semi - arid Northwest China includes great amount of evaporation, small amount of rainfall and light and heat resources, these are necessary conditions for exploitation and development of artificial oasis. Through artificial efforts, the groundwater and flow of river are developed to irrigate land in arid and semi - arid areas, to add soil moisture and improve the composition of soil, and the oasis is formed for suitability of human beings. With the tortuous development of artificial oasis over 20 years, some have been extinguished, some are degrading and some have achieved good ecological, social and economic benefits. The water and soft resources and reclamation conditions of water diversion, and trends of artificial oasis and existing ecological are analyzed. The results show that the irrational utilization of water resources is main reason of causing the unbalance of artificial oasis. The deteriorated reason of artificial oasis are summarized, and the model of sustainable development of artificial oasis in Northwest China is put forward.