从传道之师到大学教员:现代学术研究职业化趋向

From a preacher to a teacher lecturer:the tendency of the professionalism of the modern academic research

近代知识人的学术研究出现了职业化趋向。所谓学术职业化,就是将学术研究作为一种谋生的职业,学术研究者成为职业学者。随着清末民初现代学术教育体制的建立、科学家群体的形成、专门科研机构的创建、科研成就的取得与科学交流系统的建成,近代学者的社会职业角色开始形成,学术研究逐渐呈现一种职业化趋向,不仅出现了以知识生产和传授为谋生手段的社会职业,而且这种学术研究职业为一定的制度所保障。学术职业化是现代学术体制的重要特征。职业化学者被纳入近代分科化、专门化之学术体制中。现代学术体制以有形之场地和无形之规范,直接限定着学者之学术活动,并间接影响着学者之学术思想。职业化之知识人多遵从现代学术体制从事知识生产,甚至将知识作为稻粱谋,而不再执着于思想之道。这是职业化体制下学术研究的特点及知识人的特色。

The academic research of modern intellectuals took on the tendency of professionalism. The academic professionalism means that the academic research is acted as a kind of profession of making a living, that academic researchers become the professional scholars. The social professional roles of modern scholars were coming into being and the academic research took on a kind of tendency of professionalism with the establishment of the modern academic educational systems, of the institutions of the special scientific research, of the system of scientific communication and the making of the scientific achievement from the late Qing Dynasty to the early period of the Republic of China. Not only were social professions which became the means of making a living by producing and spreading knowledge emerged, they were also guaranteed by certain institutions. The academic professionalism was an important character of modern academic systems. The professional scholars were brought into the modern academic systems of the specialization. The modern academic systems restricted the academic activities of scholars directly and played indirectly impact on the academic thoughts of scholars through the visible ground and invisible norms. Most of professional intellectuals engaged in producing knowledge, even regarded knowledge as the means of making a living instead of insisting on doctrines of thoughts. This was the character of the academic research and intellectuals under the professional system.