社会保障体系的巨灾风险补偿功能分析——美国9.11五周年的启示

The Disaster Compensation Function of Social Security System in the Perspective of the Experiences and Lessons from the 9/11 Attack: China's Options in the Reform

五年前,在9.11恐怖袭击事件中,美国社会保障制度在巨灾补偿中发挥了一定的作用。其中有很多经验,例如,国家对巨灾损失的补偿是通过国家计划、保险公司和慈善事业这个“三条腿机制”发挥作用的,并通过立法建立了一个临时机构:“9.11遇难者补偿基金”,令其根据普通法的原则,赋予全权,统一运作全国的补偿工作;也有一些教训,例如,社会安全号信息管理不善和被盗用,从而酿成飞机劫持者拥有合法的手续等。我国要建立起社保制度突发事件巨灾风险补偿的“三条腿机制”还有很长的路要走,例如,基本社保制度的工伤保险中存在着诸多问题,保险业还需进一步改革完善,慈善事业的机制缺位等;对尽快建立一个混合型的“国家巨灾补偿机制”提出了一些不成熟的改革思路和采取公共委托与购买的方式进行损失补偿的设想。

Five years ago, in the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the U.S. Social Security System played an important role in compensating the killed and the injured, through creating the 9.11 Victim Compensation Fund by law which could be viewed as an link with the three-leg compensation mechanism of government program, insurance and philanthropy. Although the 9.11 Fund contributed a lot to the compensation which had a lot of good experiences, there were some lessons from the 9.11 attacks, such as the misadministration of Social Security Number information which resulted in hijackers' holding legislative IDs and bank accounts. Therefore, it will be a long way for China to set up a three-leg mechanism of compensation for disasters, for China's Social Security System performs in a poor way for compensating the occupational killed or the injured; the life insurance industry needs improving; there is a lack of system for philanthropy. This paper puts forwards to setting a national system for disaster compensation mixed with government and market such as Government and Financial institution.