中国不同项目优秀运动员安静心率研究

Basal Heart Rate of Chinese Elite Athletes

目的:对我国930名优秀运动员的基础心率进行调查,从整体、项群和项目等不同层面比较分析我国优秀运动员的心率储备情况。结果发现,我国优秀男运动员安静心率平均58·95次/分,女运动员59·02次/分。男、女运动员最低心率均为37·00次/分。我国优秀运动员安静心率在各运动项群之间存在明显差异,快速力量项群运动员安静心率最快(男子66·23次/分;女子66·50次/分);速度耐力性项群,格斗对抗性项群,同场对抗性项群安静心率较低,并与快速力量项群存在显著性差异。我国优秀运动员整体窦性心动过缓发生率为55·29%。其中,同场对抗项群运动员窦性心动过缓发生率最高,达65·28%,其他依次为格斗对抗、速度耐力、表现难美、隔网对抗项群。快速力量项群运动员心动过缓发生率最低,仅为20·00%,显著低于其他项群(P<0·01)。本调查涉及的部分项目中,花样滑冰运动员心动过缓发生率最高(91·67%),其他依次为现代五项、散打、柔道、曲棍球、赛艇、皮划艇、足球、击剑、摔跤、排球、篮球、自行车、跳水、跳跃、羽毛球、网球和短道速滑,举重项目运动员心动过缓发生率最低(16·22%)。结果提示,长期运动训练可使优秀运动员的心率储备增加,安静状态下呈能量节省化状态;不同的项群项目特征以及运动员身体机能代谢对长期系统专项训练的适应性。

Nine hundred and thirty Chinese elite athletes were enrolled in this study, and the basal heart rate and heart rate reverse were analyzed as a whole and in accordance to the sport events. The results showed that the average basal heart rate of male and female athletes were 58.95 b/min and 59.02 b/min, respective- ly. The lowest basal heart rate of 37.00 b/min was found in this study. There was significant difference in the basal heart rate among athletes involved in different events. The basal heart rate of athletes involved in speed- strength events was significantly higher than that in speed- endurance, fighting events （sanda, judo, wrestling） and ball games （soccer and basketball, excluding net games）. 55.29 % of sinus bradycardia was found in Chinese elite athletes. The highest incidence of sinus bradycardia appeared in the ball games （65.23 % ）, followed by the fighting events, speed- endurance, figure skating and gymnastics, and net games （basketball, volleyball, badminton, and tennis） events. The lowest incidence of sinus bradycardia was found in speed- strength events （20%）, which was significantly lower than that in other events （P 〈 0.01 ） Figure skaters had the highest incidence of sinus bradycardia （91.67%）, followed by the athletes of modem pentathlon, sanda, judo, field hockey, boat race, kayak, soccer, fencing, wrestling, volleyball, basketball,cycling, diving, jumping, badminton, tennis, and short- track speed skating. Weightlifters had the lowest incidence of sinus bradycardia （16.22%）. The results suggested that long period of training increased the heart rate reverse of the elite athletes.