中国古代宗族聚居与宗族形态的历史考察

The Historical Change of Chinese Ancient Clan Clustering and Clan Form

在历史上,中国的宗族制度大体经历了三个阶段:西周的宗法制阶段,东汉至唐中叶的士族、世族阶段,宋以来的庶民宗族阶段。其间,春秋至西汉,唐中期至五代,可视为两个过渡阶段。在不同的发展阶段,宗族形态是不同的,其中主要的变化有:第一,宗族的平民化、庶族化;第二,宗族与政权组织的关系弱化、间接化;第三,宗族内部关系松散化,制度化程度和强制性减弱。此外,还发生了宗族聚居由北盛于南向南盛于北的变化。

Chinese clan institution experiences three periods in the history： the patriarchal clan period in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the aristocracy period from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the plebeian clan period since the Song Dynasty. There are two transitional periods： from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Westem Zhou Dynasty and from the middle of the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties. The clan shows different forms in different developing periods. There are three main changes. First, the clan becomes more common and more plebeian. Second, the relationship between clan and regime becomes weakened and indirect. Third, the inner relationship of clan becomes relaxed, with weakened systemization and eoercien. In additien, the fact that clan clustering is more popular in the north than in the south is changing towards the opposite.