中国乡镇行政管理体制的历史沿革及其启示

Villages and Towns Administration System in China:Historical Vagaries and Implications

在整个20世纪的“现代国家政权建设”中,我国出现了四种新型的乡镇行政管理模式,即晚清至民国时期推行的所谓“乡镇自治”、中国共产党建立的“议行合一制”的乡镇基层政权、“政社合一制”的人民公社和“乡政村治”的二元体制模式。中国传统小农经济的有限剩余根本无法支撑一个全面渗透穷乡僻壤的庞大国家机器和现代工业体系,致使我国乡镇行政管理体制频繁变动且反复无常。下一步的乡镇政府体制改革基本方向和总体目标应该是:进一步加强和改进党对农村工作的领导方式,完善“村民自治”制度,培育和发展农村新型合作经济组织和社会中介组织,加快建设适应社会主义市场经济体制的法制型、民主型、服务型乡镇基层政府,不断提高社会管理与公共服务水平。

During the modern state power construction of the entire 20th century in China, 4 kinds of new villages and towns administration pattern appeared ： so-called villages and towns autonomy from later Qing dynasty to Republic of China, village and town grassroots regime of integrating parliament with administration that Chinese Communist Party founded, the people＇s commune system of integrating government administration with commune management, and the dual government pattern of countryside politics and village governance. However, during this period, the limited surplus of traditional small peasant economy can＇t support the huge state apparatus and modernization industrial system. As a consequesce, Chinese village and town administration system changes frequently and aimlessly. The general goal of village and town reform should be ： improving the party leadership in the rural area, perfecting the villagers＇ autonomous system, developing the new rural cooperative economy organization and the social intermediary organization, speeding up the construction of legal service in village and town grassroots governments that adapt to socialist market economy and enhancing the rural social management and public service.